V 从容填空

在上一部分我们着重讲了如何记笔记，但记笔记的最终目的还是为填空服务。变幻多端的填空题需要灵活应对的本领，对转弯抹角的题目更需要应付自如。从近几年的考题分析来看，填空题越来越倾向于对讲座内容的总结归纳和推断类的题目。这样对笔记的要求就十分高，因为笔记是否切中要害、是否记到相关内容直接关系到能否成功答题。

根据笔记填空一般有两大类。第一类是直接拷贝类，即可以直接从笔记中找到相应的单词填入空格。第二类是分析转变类，即以笔记为线索进行归纳、总结、推断得出恰当的单词填入空格。下面按照讲座内容—笔记—填空题的步骤来分析一些历年考题。

1. 直接拷贝类
这类填空题比较容易掌握，通常讲座提到过的内容，只要笔记记录下来，就能够有相应的单词填入，不需要复杂地深思熟虑。但是看似容易的题目，并不是百发百中，也需要在听讲座的时候抓住信息并记录下来才具备答题的条件，否则就像大海捞针一样困难。

2007年讲座：

讲座内容：In history books, information is objective; that is, facts about political, economic life of a country are given...

笔记：type of info. his — obj. — facts poli. eco. life

填空题：A. Information in history books is (1) —

facts,but no opinions.

评析：此题原属要点题，指历史书上的信息比较客观。讲座中直接提到这一要点，记笔记时将info., his, obj.等关键词记下，答案objective就可信手拈来。

2009年讲座：

讲座内容：And what you found out is in the result section. And, finally, what you think it shows appears in the discussion part.

笔记：result: fi nding discuss.: meaning

填空题：— sections and their content:
...
RESULT what you found out
(5) what you think it shows

评析：此题属细节题，只要对实验报告的各个部分一一记录好，答出这一题就不在话下了。

2010年讲座：

讲座内容：The first is whispering which indicates the need for secrecy. The second is bre-athiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality this, um, is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip rounding which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies for example.

笔记：
e.g. 1) whisper: secrecy
2) breathiness: deep emotion
3) huskiness: unimportance
4) nasality: anxiety
5) lip rounding: intimacy

填空题：
A. examples
1. whispering: need for secrecy
2. breathiness: deep emotion
3. (2) : unimportance
4. nasality: anxiety
5. extra lip rounding: greater intimacy

评析：此题属细节题，记笔记时能否把这几个例子都记下来是做对此题的关键，根据The third is huskiness which is to show unimportance， 可把huskiness直接拷贝入空格。

2011年讲座：

讲座内容：
Now, let me give you examples. First, in terms of personal space, generally speaking in a high context culture, because there’s greater dependency on group thinking, people lean toward heavier sensory involvement or closeness to people and they have less respect for privacy, for personal space. If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when they’re talking to you, they might touch more, and if they’re jostled in a crowd, they won’t feel violated. And also, people from a highcontext culture pay attention to body language, because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself, and part of the context is body language.

Second, in terms of time, people in high-context cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time. Here “poly” means multiple and “chronic” means time. What this means is that they believe people, things, events, have their own time and there can’t be a standard system of time for everything.

笔记：
E.g. a. depend. on group think;
heavier sensory involv.; closeness to people→personal space
pay atten. to body L.
time→polychronic atti. {poly= multiple; chronic=time}
people/things/events—their own time
no standard system of time

填空题：
B. examples
-personal space
-preference for (3) (3)
-less respect for privacy/personal space
-attention to (4) (4)
-concept of time
-belief in (5) interpretations of time (5)
-no concern for punctuality
-no control over time

评析：其中第4题为直接拷贝型，根据原文And also, people from a high-context culture pay attention to body language即可得出答案为body language。第5题也是细节题。讲座中提到高语境文化没有统一的时间标准，人们可以拥有自己特定的时间概念：What this means is that they believe people, things, events, have their own time and there can’t be a standard system of time for everything.所以答案为
individual/one’s own/personal。

2012年讲座：

讲座内容：Good morning everyone, today we’ll look at how to observe behavior in research. Perhaps you would say it’s easy and there’s nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behavior every day. For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture. And failing to be observant while walking or driving can be lifethreatening.

We learn by observing people’s behavior. Researchers, too, rely on their observations to learn about behavior. But there are differences. For instance, when we casually observe, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations, instead we rely on our memory of events. Observations in research, on the other hand, are made under precisely defi ned conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner and with careful record keeping.

笔记：
observe behav.
observe every day—fail to observe—life-threatening
casual observe:
×aware—factors (bias observes)
×keep formal records—rely on memo.
in research
precisely defi ned—systematic & objective manner & careful record keeping

填空题
Observing Behavior
People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.

A. Differences
daily life observation
— casual
— (1) (1)
— dependence on memory
research observation
— (2) (2)
— careful record keeping

评析：讲座一开始就对生活中的行为观察和科研中的行为观察进行了对比，指出科研中的观测更具系统性和客观性：Observations in research, on the other hand, are made under precisely defi ned conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner and with careful record keeping。答案为systematic/objective manner。