1.The following appeared in a memorandum from the head of a human resources department at a major automobile manufacturing company to the company's managers:

“Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason for their greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, our employees’ motivation and productivity would increase substantially and our overall profits would increase as well.”

【GMAT作文题目分析】

通过对非营利(not-for-profit)组织员工激励因素的分析，文章将员工努力工作动因(greater motivation)归结为某种位公益服务的信念(the belief)。进而，建议赢利组织向非营利组织借鉴经验。原文推理线路(reasoning line)如下：

∵ not-for-profit: the belief à greater motivation (1)

又∵ not-for-profit = for-profit (2)

∴ for-profit: the belief à motivation and productivity à more profit (3)

根据推理线路，可以针对三个推理过程，依次分三个层次来寻找错误：

(1)非营利组织的因果推理 (causality)存疑：非营利组织员工的工作动因可能来自于其他原因，而不只是某种信念。例如，非营利组织中的固定员工也是实行薪酬制的，所以，他们积极工作的众多理由中，当然包括谋生，而且，相对于赚钱盈利而言，赈灾扶贫等花钱的工作还是相对容易的。

(2)非营利组织与营利组织的可比性(comparability)存疑：即使该汽车制造公司将一部分利润投入公益，仍然不能回避这两种组织存在的固有差异，导致经验不可借鉴。例如，营利组织的员工多为中青年人，生活压力大，需要更多的是利益驱动，来改善生活、养育后代;非营利组织的员工中的志愿者多为老年人或者学生，生活压力较小，需要的是发挥余热或者学习经验。

(3)营利组织的对未来草率预期(expectation)存疑：即使投资公益能够带来员工工作更加积极主动的结果，进一步认为这样就能提高整体利润水平(overall profit)是没有根据的。因为利润等于收入减成本，而这两个变量从原文中无从得知，所以，有可能因为政府税率的提高，而使得利润降低或持平。

【题型总结】

类比题目是GMAT作文 Argument 部分的测试重点，对于类比两方中成功一方，应首先对其经验进行验证;然后，结合双方可能存在的差异，说明即使经验可行，也不能借鉴。

这道题最后出现的利润(profit)问题，是几乎所有商业题材题目中都出现的一个容易得分的错误，所以，准备好一小段专门针对利润问题的段落，是GMAT作文备考的小窍门。