Section B

Passage One

篇章结构

本次四级听力篇章从内容难度上来讲，比2009年6月的更难。此篇文章属于天文类，讲的是除地球以外的星球上形成生命的可能性。曾经科学家们认为其他星球上存在生命的可能性不大，但是现在科学家在渐渐地定位那些有可能会形成生命的地方。文章对此举了一个例子，就是木星的一个卫星，叫木卫二。

词汇点拨

fascinated a. 着迷的；surface n. 表面；bacteria n 细菌；automatically ad. 自动地；probe n.探头，探针；evolution n. 进化

话题词汇

beneath prep. 在......之下

Jupiter n.木星

moonn. 卫星，月球

nitrogen n. 氮

planet n. 行星，星球

volcanicactivity火山活动

难句解析

1.Since early times, people havebeen fascinated with the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth.

【解析】sinceearly times作时间状语，主句主语为people，谓语为be fascinated with，即"对......着迷"，着迷的对象是idea of life，existing somewhere else besidesearth为现在分词作定语修饰名词life。

2.The probes have also madescientists think that under its surface Europa has a rocky core giving offvolcanic heat.

【解析】本句主句部分谓语成分为make sb. do sth.，让某人做某事，that引出think的从句。从句的主语为Europa，giving offvolcanic heat作定语修饰has的宾语a rocky core。

试题详解

【听音指导】预览选项，可知本题考查细节事实题。鉴于此题位于本短文的第一题，答案应在最初几句中找到，具体的说，是在开头30秒。选项D与其他三项明显不同，可初步排除。听音时关注no planets，no air or water还是no life。

【正确项分析】第一题问的是科学家曾经（once）相信什么事实？那么根据我们的理解，应该是他们认为外太空不可能存在生命。这个答案出现在原文的第二句，原文是Until recently, scientists believed that life on other planets wasjust a hopeful dream，意为科学家们认为在其他星球上存在生命只不过是个充满希望的梦。故选择C项。

【听音指导】通过选项即可确定本题为对于某一事物的细节描述题，所以首先要解决各选项中it所指的内容。由第一题选项可初步推测，本题很可能考查的是对一个星球的描述。

【正确项分析】问题为科学家在木卫二星球上找到什么，那么应该是Space probes have provided evidence that Europa has a large oceanunder its surface，意为航空观测镜发现了星球表面下有个大的海洋。C选项与原文一模一样。

【听音指导】根据惯例，最后一个问题答案出现在篇章结束前三十秒左右，选项均涉及生命形成因素，分别为light，hottemperatures，evolution和oxygen，根据这些信息，可轻易在短文结束前找到答案。

【正确项分析】注意转折连词but前后，原文为Untilrecently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now, places havebeen found on earth that are in total blackness such as caves several milesbeneath the ocean. And bacteria, primitive forms of life, have been seen there。意为科学家一直以为光是很重要的，但是现在他们发现完全黑暗的地方-比如几英里深的洞里，也有生命，即细菌。可见，光不是必备因素，选项A正确。

原文及译文

Since early times, people have been fascinated with the idea of lifeexisting somewhere else besides earth. Until recently, scientists believed thatlife on other planets was just a hopeful dream. But now they are beginning tolocate places where life could form. In 1997, they saw evidence of planets nearother stars like the sun. But scientists now think that life could be evennearer in our own solar system. One planetscientists are studying very closely is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Space probeshave provided evidence that Europa has a large ocean under its surface. Theprobes have also made the scientists think that under its surface Europa has arocky core giving off volcanic heat. Water and heat from volcanic activity aretwo basic conditions needed for life to form. A third is certain basicchemicals such as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Scientists believe there mightbe such chemicals lying at the bottom of Europa's ocean. They may have alreadycreated life or may be about to. You may wonder if light is also needed forlife to form. Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. Butnow, places have been found on earth that are in total blackness such as cavesseveral miles beneath the ocean. And bacteria,primitive forms of life have been seen there. So the lack of light in Europa'ssub-surface ocean doesn't automatically rule out life forming.

26. What did scientistsonce believe according to the passage?

27. What havescientists found about Europa, a moon of Jupiter?

28. What havescientists come to know recently about the formation of life?

从很早以前，人们一直迷恋着地球以外的地方也存在生命的想法。直到近来，科学家们认为在其他星球上存在生命只不过是个充满希望的梦。但是，现在他们开始查找可能有生命的地方。1997年，科学家们在恒星附近，例如太阳，发现了行星的踪迹。科学家们现在认为生命可能我们更近，就在太阳系内。科学家们正密切关注的地方是木卫二，木星的一个卫星。太空探测器提供了证据表明木卫二表层之下有一个海洋。探测器也让科学家们认为木卫二表层有散发出火山热的岩石核心。火山活动的水和热量是生命形成的两个基本条件。第三个是一些基本的化学物质，如碳、氧和氮。科学家们认为在木卫二海洋底部可能存在这样的化学成分。他们可能已经创造了生命或即将产生生命。你可能在想光也是生命形成的必要条件。直到最近，科学家们仍认为光是不可或缺的。但现在已经在地球上发现，海洋几英里之下的黑暗的洞穴内有细菌，即原始生命形式的存在。所以不能排除缺乏光的木卫二地下海洋有生命形成的可能性。

26. 根据短文，科学家曾相信什么？

27. 科学家们发现关于木卫二的什么信息？

28. 最近，科学家就生命的形成了解到什么？

Passage Two

篇章结构

本篇讲述医生发现用纸记录下的东西比口语交流的信息更加准确和稳定。问题源自一位医生在对一个孩子的家庭口述交待了出院后的注意事项之后，发现这些亲属们竟然记不清到底医生讲了些什么，于是医生决定在以后交待注意事项的时候要把这些内容全印成纸质的东西，因为纸质的东西比口语更可靠。

词汇点拨

suffer v. 遭受；confusing a. 令人迷惑的；episode n. 插曲；version n. 版本；challenge v. 挑战

话题词汇

context n. 上下文

physician n.内科医生

recover v. 恢复

stability n. 稳定性

act out 表演出来

emergency room 急诊室

oral communication 口头交际

tailored to 定制的

难句解析

1.Also listening to her were ahalf a dozen other family members.

【解析】此句为倒装句，强调listening to her，主语为ahalf a dozen other family members。正常语序为：A half a dozen other family members were also listening to her.

2.All of them had heard thesimple instructions I have given just a few hours before, but they have threeor four different versions.

【解析】本句两分句由连词but连接，had heard为过去完成时，表示在家人问玛雅医生之前就发生了此动作。I have given just a few hours before做定语修饰the simple instructions，省略连接词that。

试题详解

【听音指导】浏览四个选项，应注意到都为wh-开头的疑问词，且提到了医生和孩子，take care of 以及recover，可初步推测此题涉及的场景为医院，病人为孩子。

【正确项分析】问题为孩子的家人因为什么而争论，原文为the family asked her to settle an argument they'd been having overexactly what advice she had given，意为亲属们就医生到底讲过什么建议争论不休，问医生如何解决。选项B中的instructions与原文的advice同义，选项B正确。

【听音指导】由第一题的选项可很有把握地推测she指代的是DoctorMyer，而与医生相对的多半为病人。注意关键词ask question，write down，act out和repeat。

【正确项分析】玛雅医生如何确定病人完全明白了自己的建议呢？原文为She asks them to tell her what they think they are supposed to do，原文的 tell her与选项D中的关键词repeat一致，选项D为正确答案，

【听音指导】本题为短文最后一题，应在文章最后出现。需要注意关键字stability，errors，context和communication。

【正确项分析】此题是典型的篇章问题考法。答案出现在结尾处，问题是作者对于人类口语交流(human speech) 总结了什么。原文为human speech lacks the stability and permanence of the printed word，与选项A一致。

原文及译文

In her early days as an emergency room physician, Doctor Joanna Mayertreated a child who had suffered a second degree burn. After the child had beentreated and was being prepared for discharge, Doctor Mayer talked to theparents about how they should care for the child at home. Also listening to herwere a half a dozen other family members. A few hours later, when she came tosay goodbye, the family asked her to settle an argument they'd been having overexactly what advice she had given. "As I talked to them, I was amazed." shesaid, "All of them had heard the simple instructions I have given just a fewhours before, but they have three or four different versions. The most basicdetails were unclear and confusing. I was surprised, because these wereintelligent people." This episode gave Doctor Mayer her first clue to somethingevery doctor learns sooner or later---- most people just don't listen verywell.

Nowadays, she says she repeats her instructions, and even conducts areality check with some patients. She asks them to tell her what they thinkthey are supposed to do. She also provides take-home sheets which are computerprintouts tailored to the patients' situation. Doc. Mayer's listeners are notunusual. When new or difficult material is presented, almost all listeners arefaced with a challenge because human speech lacks the stability and permanenceof the printed word. Oral communication is fast-moving and impermanent.

29. What did the child's family membersargue about in the hospital?

30. What does Doc. Mayer do to insure herpatients understand her instructions?

31. What does the speaker say about humanspeech?

乔安娜·玛雅是一名急诊室医生。早年，她曾医治了一名二度烧伤的孩子。这个孩子接受完治疗准备出院时，玛雅医生告诉孩子父母在家如何照顾孩子，在场的还有六位家庭其他成员。几小时后，当她来与孩子再见的时候，孩子一家请她解决争论，他们一直争论她的医嘱到底是什么。"因为我已经告诉过他们，所以我很惊讶。"她说，"他们所有的人都在短短几小时前听到了我给出的简单的医嘱，但是他们有三、四个不同的版本。最基本的细节都不清楚且很困惑。我很吃惊，因为这些是聪明人。"这一段插曲给了玛雅医生第一个线索，而这迟早每个医生都会懂得，即大多数人听的不准确。

如今，玛雅说她反复重复医嘱，甚至对一些病人进行现场核查。她要他们告诉她他们应该做的事。她还根据病人的情况提供可带回家的打印文本。玛雅医生的听众都是正常人。当面对新资料或难度较大的资料时，几乎所有的听众都会面临挑战，因为人类口语缺乏书面文字的稳定性和永久性。口头交流速度快但持续时间短。

29. 孩子的家庭成员在医院里争论的是什么？

30. 为确保病人明白她的医嘱，玛雅医生做了什么？

31. 说话者如何评述人类口语？

PassageThree

篇章结构

此篇讲的是商务工作中对员工的激励机制。主要内容为公司对员工的激励机制并非是人们通常以为的工资或者工作环境，而是工作中的挑战。

词汇点拨

challenging a. 挑战性的；logical a. 合理的；manually ad. 手动地；identify v. 认同；tedious a. 单调的，沉闷的

话题词汇

arbitrarily ad. 专横地

mechanical a. 机械的

robotics n. 机器人学

by definition 当然

job security 职业安全感

labor relations 劳资关系

难句解析

1.It's logical to suppose thatthings like good labor relations, good working conditions, good wages andbenefits and job security motivate workers, but one expert, Frederick Herzbergargued that such conditions do not motivate workers.

【解析】此句结构是由转折连词but引导的两个分句。前面一个分句中，it做形式主语，后面的不定式to suppose是真正主语。That引导宾语从句，介词like以及其引导内容做things的后置定语。后面一个分句中，one expert 与Frederick Herzberg为同位语，that后引导宾语从句。

2.However, even with thedevelopment of computers and robotics, there're always plenty of boring,repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled people who have to dothem.

【解析】本句主句为there be 句型，常见的短语withthe development of作时间状语，意为"随着......的发展"。jobs和people为表语，三个并列形容词boring， repetitive 和 mechanical一起修饰jobs，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词unskilled people.

试题详解

【听音指导】预览选项中的关键词job security，labor relation，work，和wages andbenefits可知，此篇短文主旨与工作有关，可初步推测与人们对工作的满足感有关。

【正确项分析】此题问的是主题，到底什么可以真正激励员工好好工作呢。原文Motivators, in contrast, include things such as having a challengingand interesting job, recognition and responsibility，连接词in contrast附近出现了答案，意为起到激励作用的东西包括工作的挑战性和趣味性，以及工作中需承担的责任即最终获得的认可。所以选选项C，即挑战性的工作。

【干扰项分析】原文首句虽谈及选项A、B、D各项内容，但是but转折后全盘否定but oneexpert, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivate workers。故可全部排除。

【听音指导】从选项内容可知，本题考查的是工作的性质，应注意关键提示词-tedious，unskilled and lose job，computer和boring and enjoyable。

【正确项分析】此题问到作者对电脑信息时代总结了什么。从原文中However, even with the development of computers and robotics,there're always plenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots ofunskilled people who have to do them.，连接词however后出现了答案。意为，尽管电脑和机器人技术不断发展，还是存在无聊的、重复的、机械性的工作，需要人力完成，对应到正确答案A选项中的tedious以及manually。

【听音指导】此题为一细节题。选项B与其他三项明显不同，可初步排除。听音时，注意选项中的promotion，compete和team。

【正确项分析】原文中激励超市员工工作是个案，但是问题本身针对的是总结性的答案。即出现在for example前的总结句：Give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as a partof a team。but后强调的是team，正确答案为选项D。

【听音指导】首先意识到最后一题的答案应在文章结束前几句找，由各选项可知，所描述的对象并不是积极的，而是有负面影响的。

【正确项分析】为什么金钱诱惑刺激不了工作热情，答案出现在结尾前30秒处，即Suchvalues are more likely to motivate workers than financial targetswhich automatically only concern a few people，意为团队精神更能激起工作热情，因为金钱利益最终只会与团队中的个别人相关。答案为选项B。

原文及译文

It's logical to suppose that things like good labor relations, goodworking conditions, good wages and benefits and job security motivate workers,but one expert, Frederick Herzberg argued that such conditions do not motivateworkers. They are merely satisfiers. Motivators, in contrast, include things suchas having a challenging and interesting job, recognition and responsibility.However, even with the development of computers and robotics, there're alwaysplenty of boring, repetitive and mechanical jobs and lots of unskilled peoplewho have to do them. So how do managers motivate people in such jobs? Onesolution is to give them some responsibilities, not as individuals, but as a team. For example, some supermarkets combine office staff, the people who fill theshelves, and the people who work at the checkout into a team, and let them decide what product lines tostock, how to display them and so on. Many people now talk about the importanceof a company's shared values or culture with which all the staff can identify,for example, being the best hotel chain, or making the best, the mostuser-friendly or the most reliable products in a particular field. Such valuesare more likely to motivate workers than financial targets which ultimately only concern a few people. Unfortunately,there's only a limited number of such goals to go around and by definition, notall the competing companies in an industry can seriously play in to be the best.

32: What can actually motivate workersaccording to Frederick Herzberg?

33: What does the speaker say about jobs inthe computer era?

34: What do some supermarkets do tomotivate employees?

35: Why does the speaker say financialtargets are less likely to motivate workers?

认为良好的劳资关系、愉悦的工作环境、较高的工资和福利待遇、工作安全性好能够激励员工，这是完全符合逻辑的。然而，专家弗洛迪克·赫兹伯格认为这些条件并不能激励员工，只是让员工得到满足的物质条件而已。相反，激励因素包括挑战性和趣味性的工作、认可和责任等。然而，即使随着计算机技术和机器人技术的发展，仍有大量无聊的、重复的和机械的工作，并且还必须有大量做这些工作的非技术人员。所以管理人员如何激励从事这种工作的人呢? 一种解决办法就是让他们承担责任，不是作为个人，而是作为团队。例如，有些超市把办公室人员、填货人和收银员编成一组，让他们决定进什么货、产品如何陈列等。现在很多人在谈论员工认同的公司的价值观和公司文化的重要性，如怎样成为最好的旅馆连锁，或在某一特定领域做最好的，用户最亲善的或者最可靠的产品。这样的价值观比那些只与少数人有关的财务目标更有可能激励员工。不幸的是，只有个别公司才会有这样的目标，当然，并不是所有的竞争公司在业界都能做成最好的。

32：根据弗洛迪克·赫兹伯格的观点，什么可以激励员工？

33：说话者就计算机时代的工作发表了什么观点？

34：一些超市为激励员工采取了什么措施？

35：为什么说财务目标不太可能激发员工？