1.Economics professor Milton Friedman once said, “The best is the enemy of the good,” which to me meant that attempts to achieve an unattainable ideal can prevent us from reaching good outcomes that are possible in practice.

句的剖析 

句子主干：…Milton Friedman once said…

成分分析：

①  “The best is the enemy of the good,”是直接引语，作said的宾语。

②  which引导的非限制性定语从句补充说明直接引语。

③  定语从句中的第一个that引导的宾语从句作meant的宾语，主干为attempts…can prevent us…。

④  to achieve an unattainable ideal是不定式作后置定语，修饰attempts。

⑤  第二个that引导的定语从句修饰good outcomes。

词的讲解 

attempt              v.& n. 企图；尝试

unattainable      a.达不到的；无法实现的   

outcome            n.结果；后果

句的翻译 

经济学教授Milton Friedman曾经说过：“至善者善之敌。”对我而言，它意味着企图实现一个无法企及的理想可能会使我们无法取得在实践中有可能得到的好结果。

2.A team of scientists from Russia and Canada analysed the effect of microgravity on the protein make-up in blood samples of 18 Russian cosmonauts who lived on the International Space Station for six months.

句的剖析 

句子主干: A team of scientists analyzed the effects on the protein make-up。

后置定语from Russia and Canada修饰scientists。

后置定语on the protein make-up修饰the effect。

who引导定语从句修饰cosmonauts。

词的讲解 

① analyze  v. 分析

【记】ana-(=up)+lyze(=loosen解，分解)→loose up

② protein  n. 蛋白质

句的翻译 

来自英国和加拿大的科学家团队分析了18位在国际航空站生活了六个月的俄罗斯宇航员的血液标本，研究微重力对血液蛋白质构成的影响。

3.Knowing that our study demonstrates a likely link between longer education and a lower risk of cardiac disease, policy makers should definitely think of means to increase years of schooling—maybe through different incentives, such as raising awareness, convenience of access and finance.

句的剖析 

句子主干：policy makers should definitely think of means

伴随状语：Knowing that our study…cardiac disease

to increase years of schooling作后置定语修饰means

through different incentives作方式状语

词的讲解 

demonstrate  v.  证明

cardiac   adj.    心脏的

incentive  n.   激励；鼓励

convenience  n.  便利

句的翻译 

我们的研究证明受教育的年限越长，人们患心脏病的风险可能越低。政策制定者清楚这一点的话，他们就当然应该想到方法来增加学校教育的年限——或许可以通过不同的激励方法，比如，提高意识，为获取教育资源和资金提供便捷。