大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。希望通过本专题的学习，考生能对四级语法有更全面的掌握！

一 、独立结构的构成：

只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。常见的独立结构有以下几种：

(一) 名词/代词+分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）：

1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)

2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)

（二）名词/代词+形容词：

1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况)

2、 He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)

（三）名词/代词+副词：

1、 He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明)

2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明)

（四）名词/代词+介词（短语）

1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况)

2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)

二、独立结构在句子中的作用：

独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：

（一）表示时间：

His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)

（二）表示原因：

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )

（三）表示条件：

Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.

(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.)

（四）表示伴随情况或伴随状况：

They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.

（五）表示补充说明：

He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.

(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)

三、独立变格的变化

在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with”

1、——Why are they taking all the equipment away?

——The job_____, they are packing up to leave.

A. it to done    B. did     C. was did     D. done

2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.

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