1) 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。
通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如：
Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.
她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。（作原因状语）
Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be able to work well.
如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。（作条件状语）
They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他们站在那里等公共汽车。（作方式状语）
2) 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较
不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如：
Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.
如果你努力，你会成功的。
Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.
虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。
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